Because the lymphatic system helps manage fluid, nutrition, and immune function, problems in this system can lead to a wide range of complications that affect different parts of the body. This page provides an overview of possible complications. Not every patient will experience these issues, and severity can vary widely.
Fluid Buildup (Effusions)
Abnormal lymphatic flow can cause fluid to collect around organs, a condition known as effusions. Depending on the location, this may include fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion), heart (pericardial effusion), or in the abdomen (ascites). These fluid collections can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or abdominal swelling.
Learn more about fluid buildup and effusions (link to new page)
Chyle Leaks
Chyle leaks occur when chyle, a nutrient-rich lymphatic fluid, leaks from lymphatic vessels and collects where it should not. Chyle can build up in areas such as the chest or abdomen and may affect breathing, nutrition, and immune function.
Chyle leaks are seen in some people with lymphatic malformations and complex lymphatic anomalies, but they do not occur in all patients. They can also occur without an underlying lymphatic condition, often after surgery or injury.
Learn more about chyle leaks (link to new page)
Protein-Losing Enteropathy (PLE)
Protein-losing enteropathy occurs when protein-rich lymphatic fluid leaks into the intestines, leading to low protein levels in the blood. This can result in swelling, fatigue, poor growth, and increased infection risk.
Learn more about protein-losing enteropathy. (link to new page)
Bone Involvement
Some lymphatic malformations—particularly certain complex lymphatic anomalies—can affect the bones. Bone involvement varies by diagnosis and may include:
- Bone pain or tenderness
- Structural weakening or increased fracture risk
- Progressive bone loss in specific conditions
Learn more about bone involvement. (link to new page)
Chiari
In rare cases, some individuals with complex lymphatic conditions — particularly Gorham–Stout disease — may have structural findings identified on imaging. These are not seen in most patients and are typically evaluated when symptoms are present.
Learn more about structural findings (link to chiari information)
Infection
Abnormal lymphatic vessels and fluid collections can increase the risk of:
- Recurrent infections
- Inflammation and pain
- Delayed healing
Prompt evaluation and treatment can help reduce complications.
Learn more about infection and inflammation (link to new page)
